Topic-1 Introduction to Communication
1.1
Meaning of Communication.
1.2
Definitions of Communication.
1.3
Objectives of Communication.
1.4
Principles or seven ‘C’ of Communication.
1.5
Elements of Communication process.
1.6
Communication process or Communication cycle.
1.7
Functions/purpose of Business Communication.
1.8
Essentials of Good Communications.
1.9
Communication Barriers.
1.10
Overcoming communication Barriers.
Topic-1 Introduction to
Communication
1.1 Meaning of
Communication:
The word communication is derived from the Latin
word “Communis”, which means common. Communications is a process of exchange of
ideas, facts, opinions or emotions by two or more persons. It is nothing but
sharing of information or intelligence. In other words, it is the transmission
or transfer or interaction of facts, ideas, opinions, feeling or attitude from
one person to another. It is approached from various disciplines such as an
Accounting, Auditing, Mathematics, Ecology, Psychology, System analysis etc. so,
it is also called an interdisciplinary concept.
It is a vital aspect which changes the behavior of
the receiver. No individual or business organization can become successful
without communicating to each other. In other words, there should be effective
communication between superior & subordinates. The communication takes
place through message, which is in the form of words, symbols, signs, letters
or actions.
Communication is a tool for management, uses
communication as a process of sending message and receiving feedback. It has
contents like Sender, message, symbol, channels, decoding, receiver, action
& feedback. The decision making process of every management involves
effective communication. This communication may
takes place through various medias like face to face communication,
telephone or mobile, meetings, lectures, conferences etc.; called as means of
oral communication, whereas letters, circulars, reports, manuals, rules, orders
etc.; called written communication. In the words of Lee Thayer’s, “Like all
living system, organizations establish and maintain themselves through
communication with their environments and among their parties.”
Thus, communication is a two way process, which
involves sorting, selecting & sending of symbols to other person &
vice-versa. It is as important as food for hunger & water for thirsty one.
It also includes sophisticated means of communications like singing and
chirping of birds, croaking of frogs, dance of honey bee etc.
1.2 Definitions of
Communication:
According
to Theo Haimann, “Communication is the process of passing information and
understanding from one person to another. It is a process of imparting ideas
and making oneself understood by others.”
According to Leland Brown, “Communication
is the transmission and interchange of facts, ideas, feelings or course of
action.”
American Society of Training Directors
implies that, Communication means the interchange of thoughts or information to
bring out mutual understanding & confidence or good human relations.”
Newman & Summer defines that, “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas,
opinions or emotions by two or more persons. It is also defined as intercourse
by words, letters, symbols or message and as a way that one organization member
shares meaning and understanding with another.”
In the words of Allen Louis, “A Communication is the sum of all the things one
person does, when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It
involves a systematic & continuous process of telling, listening &
understanding.”
Charles E. Redfield defines that, “Communication is the broad field of human
interchange of facts and opinions & not the technologies of telephone,
telegraph, radio & the like.”
According to Keith Davis, “Communication is the process of passing information
& understanding from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of
meaning of between people. By using this bridge of meaning, a person can safely
cross the river of misunderstanding that separates all people.”
According to Edwin B. Flippo
& Gary M. Munsinger, “Communication
is the act of imparting a common idea or understanding to another person. It
covers any type of behavior that affects on exchange or meaning.”
Dr. McFarland defines that, “Communication is the process of meaningful
interaction among human beings. More specially, it is the process by which
meanings are perceived & understandings are reached among human beings.”
According to Norman B. Sigband, “A
communication is the transmission & reception of ideas, feeling and
attitudes, both verbally & non-verbally, eliciting a response. It is a
dynamic concept underlying all kinds of living system.”
According to Gorge R. Terry, “Communication is a continuing & thinking
process dealing with the transmission & interchange with understanding of
ideas, facts & course of action.”
Scott and Sprigel define
communication as, “The process
involving the transmission & accurate replication of ideas reinforced by
feedback purporting to stimulate action to accomplish organizational goals.”
According to Peter Little, “Communication is the process by which information
is transmitted between individual and organizations, so that an understanding
response result.” After considering the above definitions of communication, we
can say that communication is the transfer or transmission of information &
understanding form one person to another.
1.2.1
Features or characteristics of Communication:
i.
Two parties: there should be at least two parties for
communication. No one can solely complete communication. There should be
receiver and sender for message.
ii.
Media: there
are several Medias of communication through which communication takes place.
iii.
Continuous process: communication is a continuous process of passing
ideas & information.
iv.
Facts & feelings: communication
deals with the transmission of facts & feeling between more than one people.
v.
Exchange of understandable information: communication not only draw out confidence but also
exchanges understandable information and it is not necessary that receiver must
be agree with information, even he/she disagree with the information but
understood the same; communication is successful.
1.3 Objectives of
Communication:
William Schloz narrates the following main
objectives of communication in business organization:
1.
It helps to
improve performance and job satisfaction of all the employees working with
organization.
2.
It helps for
enhancement of corporate image of organization with its employees & the
society.
3.
It helps to win
understanding, approval & support of the organization’s position on vital,
economic, political & social issues.
4.
It helps to keep
update to management of organization about attitude, trends & reactions
among employees and third parties, directly or indirectly connected with
organizations, which is helpful for decision making and control.
5.
It helps to
assist in the attainment of the operating objectives of the business.
1.4 Principles or
seven ‘C’ of Communication:
Francis J.
Bergin advocates that there
are seven ‘C’ to remember in verbal as well as written communication, they are
as follows:
1.
Candidness: it
means while communicating with others, we should speak and listen without
prejudice or bias. Our views of transaction should be honest, sincere and
guileless. There speaker or sender of message should be frank, open hearted and
sincere while communicating with others.
2.
Clarity:
the principle of clarity is the most important
in communication, especially in face to face communication. To express you
clearly, one should use accurate & familiar words with proper intonation,
stresses & pauses. The language used in communication should consist of
simple words and short sentence. Thoughts of the communicator should be clear
& well organized.
3.
Completeness:
Clarity of the communication also ensured by completeness of message. Therefore
the sender should ensure that he has given all the information that listeners
need or expect for understanding the message. For completeness of
communication, communicator has to communicate whatever is necessary and
provide answers to all possible questions raised by receiver.
4.
Conciseness: In business & professional communication,
one should be brief and be able to say in minimum words. The sender of the
message must avoid repetition & should use simple & single words for
wordy phrases such as instead of ‘Are in need of-------- use ‘need’ or instead
of ‘In the due course of time’ use ‘soon’. In communication, we tend to become
wordy. Fewer words should not mean less sense.
5.
Concreteness: Concreteness
means being specific, definite in describing events and things. It also means
vivid description of an event or state. Mostly in oral communication, we cannot
draw figures, tables & diagrams to make our statement vivid and concrete,
but we can choose precise words & speaks with proper modulation. Also avoid
using vague words.
6.
Correctness: While
communicating, communicator should avoid grammatical errors. If the sentence is
too long, most of the time speaker tends to forget the number & the person
of the subject of the verb. Most of the time speaker uses incorrect
pronunciations of sentence especially in reported speech. E.g. instead of “He
told to me”, speaker uses, “He said to me” is grammatically incorrect.
7.
Courtesy:
Courtesy
implies maintaining the proper decorum of speaking, by effective speaker in a
meeting or group discussion. Speaker should say things with force and
assertiveness without being rude. Courtesy always demands that speaker do not
use words that are insulting or hurtful to the listeners. Our speaking tones
should reflect our respect for listener or audience.
1.5 Elements of
Communication process:
Following are the various elements of communication
which helps to understand the process of communication:-
1.
Message: It is written or spoken information, which is
to be sent from one person to another. The message may be in the form order,
appeal, observation, instruction or report that is communicated.
2.
Sender: The person who transmits, spreads or
communicates a message or ideas whether oral or written to other person is
called as sender or communicator.
3.
Encoding: Encoding
means to put ideas, information & thoughts into logical form or patterns of
words, gestures, pictorial forms or signs etc.
4.
Channel: Channel
is the medium or vehicle which facilitates the sender to convey the message to
receiver. It may be in the form of letters, circulars, telephone or face to
face communication.
5.
Receiver: A
receiver is the targeted audience of the message. He is a person to whom,
message is directed. He receives the message, understands, interprets and tries
to perceive the total meaning of the message.
6.
Decoding: This is the act of translating symbols of
communication into their ordinary meaning.
7.
Acting: Communication manipulates the receiver to act
in a desired manner. A receiver’s response action shows that he/she has
understood the message.
8.
Feedback: Feedback is the loop that connects the
receiver with sender through communication process. It refers reply, reaction
or response to the communication and always directed to the sender.
1.6 Communication
process or Communication cycle:
Communication process is begins with generation of
ideas or information in the communicator’s mind and there is always some
purpose behind this idea. The person who is communicator should have some
important ideas, guidelines or motivational material for receiver.
In 1949, C.E. Shannon, brought out mathematical
theory of communication, co-authored with W. Weaver, which is popularly known
as Shannon-weaver model of communication process, which is shown in figure
below:
[Shannon-waver model
of communication process]
Figure 1.1:
Model of communication process.
a.
Sender or Information Source: Every
communication process begins with information source or sender. The sender has
some raw information & he intends to change the same in to message for
communication.
b.
Encoding: The
sender of message put raw information available with him in logical sequence
and pattern of words, gesture and posture etc. in symbolic form.
c.
Channel: It is an appropriate medium & vehicle
through which oral or written message is to be sent.
d.
Decoding: the receiver of the message tries to
understand and interprets the message as per his capacity, is called as
decoding.
e.
Feedback or Acting: The
communication process ends with the receiver putting the interpreted message in
to action; as intended by the information source.
f.
Noise: Noise may be described as any distortion or
hindrance, preventing transmission of the message. This ‘noise’ may occur in
the mind of sender or in the mind of receiver, while sending & receiving
message. So it is considered as noise in communication process.
1.6.2 Two way process of Communication:
In
the recent era of communication world, it is a two way process, in which
receiver at the end of decoding, act as sender of the message, called as
feedback. Thus the parties, sender and receiver play reciprocal &
reversible roles. An e.g telemarketing or call center, communication is always
two way communication. The two ways process of communication can be seen
through a concrete example given below:
 |
Figure
1.2: Two way process of communication
1.7 Functions/purpose
of Business Communication:
1.
Tool of information: the main function of communication in an
organization is to inform the individuals or group about the topic. Superiors inform
policies and decisions taken by them and management to subordinate and
vice-versa. Communication exchanges information, flow vertically, horizontally
and diagonally across the organization.
2.
Tool of Evaluation: It is a tool of appraisal of contribution of an
individual in the organization. It examines activities to form an ideas or
judgments of worth of task achieved through communication.
3.
Tool of Direction: In every organization top level authorities
communicate lower level authorities about prosperity of their business. This is
nothing but direction. Without communication effective direction is not
possible. It includes giving orders to employees to do a task or stop it or
modify.
4.
Tool of Teaching: It
implies that, without effective communication one cannot teach & educate to
all those who are working with organization, about accurate working and
personal safety while performing their duty. It helps to subordinate and
workers to avoid accidents and risk etc. it also help to save cost and lengthy
procedures in task performing.
5.
Tool of image building/projecting: Every
business organization is working in the society, by the society and for the
society. There is interrelationship & interdependence between society and
business organization. It is helpful to create public goodwill and confidence
among the society bout business organization. Through the external
communication, organization informs to the society about its goals, activities,
progress & social responsibilities etc.
6.
Tool of orientation: Communication helps to make people acquainted with
co-employees, superiors & with the policies, objectives, rules &
regulations of the organizations. So it is helpful to make employees oriented
with organization.
7.
Tool of influence: It implies the provision of feedback, which
tells effects of communication. It influences others and being influenced by
others. It is popularly known as motivational force, through which one may try
to understand, why people behave as they do? It also influences working within
the organization and with other organizations.
8.
Interview
function: Through face to face
communication business organization can select qualified and worthy people as
employees with skill, quality, ability, intelligence and decision making
capacity for organization.
1.8 Essentials of
Good Communications.
Communication is a reciprocal, two way and
continuous social process. The primary purpose of communication is to keep
people informed. To make communication effective, communicator must possess
certain qualities, understand the receiver, and convey the message. It helps to
translate organizational information in to the commonly understandable
language. According to Wilbur Schramm, “Every good message must meet following
three requirements:-
I.
It must be
designed & deliver in such a way, that gains attention of the receiver.
II.
It must use
different signals, which are understood to both the parties.
III. It must arouse need in receiver & suggest way of
satisfying these needs.”
However, essentials of good communication are
discussed under the following points:
1.
Clarity: When
communicator communicates ideas, facts or information, the attention should be
given on clarity. It is a thinking process to conceive the subject. It is
encoded in simple and easily understandable language. So that receiver is able
to understand it without any doubt and difficulty. In the words of Koontz &
O’Donnell, “A communication possesses clarity when it is expressed in language
& transmitted in a way that can be comprehended by the receiver.”
2.
Information: Information
is different from communication. It is a comprehensive in nature and contains
in communication. But all information cannot communicate a message, so
information in communication is a special kind of transmitting message in
symbolic form. It implies that, the sender should collect & keep before him
the relevant information.
3.
Completeness: The
subject matter to be communicated must be adequate & full, which enable the
receiver to understand the central theme or idea of message. Incompleteness of
message may result in misunderstanding the subject by receiver. The incomplete
message may resulted delay I decision making and action.
4.
Emphasis on attention: to draw
attention of the receiver is basic purpose of communication. So, communication process
can be complete just by transmitting ideas or facts or opinions. It must create
interest & proper attention of the receiver towards message. The basic
underlying principle of attention is that, “attention speaks louder than
words.”
5.
Consistency: the communicator must be consistent in his
expression while communicating the message. The thinking, action or happening
of communicator should be according to the rules & principles of the
organization. In which he is working. The message transmitted should not be
contradictory. Current communication should not conflict with previous one,
because it creates confusion and chaos; which ultimately resulted delay in
decision making and action.
6.
Integration: To achieve the common goals of an
organization, it is necessary to prepare an integrated system of communication.
The transmitter and receiver have to use the communication too, as a means an
end not an end itself, which helps to promote integrated efforts of the
organization. According to Koontz & ‘O’Donnell, “All communication should
be framed & transmitted in such a way as to support the integrity of the
formal organization.”
7.
Time: the main of communication is to make the
message reach at an appropriate time. Sending message before or after proper
time would not serve the purpose of communication. A delayed message is
considered historical & has no importance as far as business concern.
8.
Simplicity: For
quick understanding and positive response in communication, there should be
simplicity in communication. So, the communicator must avoid using superfluous
words, unnecessary prepositions & jargon. He should prefer familiar words
& common language. There are no rules of familiar words but the transmitter
should aware about receiver’s vocabulary, knowledge & understanding
capacity.
9.
Use of media: There are oral & written Medias for
transmission of message & both have their own merits and demerits. So the
user must adopted proper Media, according to need, objectives & in the
views of the receiver.
10.
To know the receiver: The main purpose of communication is to make aware
& understand the subject to the receiver. So, before sending message, the
sender should aware about receiver’s capacity, receptivity & understanding
level. In the words of Killer, “Communicate with an awareness of the total
physical and human setting in which the information will be received, picture
the place of work, determine the receptivity & understanding level of the
receiver; be aware about social climate & customs; question the information
timeliness. Ask, what, when & in what manner you would like to be
communicated with, if you were in similar environment & position.”
11.
Feedback: This
is the last but most important key of effective communication, to obtain
feedback from customer. It helps to know whether the receiver has accepted or
rejected the message transmitted to him. It also helps in improve in
communication. It is a process to ascertain whether or not the receiver
probably understands the message. Feedback makes possible interface and
interaction.
Thus, feedback enables the
communicator to take initiative in order to know reactions regarding the
effectiveness of communication.
1.9 Communication
Barriers.
There are many problems encountered in our business
& personal lives due to miscommunication. It is not always happens that,
what is sender intended, understands by recipients. There are several barriers
exists between sender & recipients, and they may be responsible for a
message not being understood correctly, or a message becoming distorted.
So that barriers with reference to communication
implies hurdles or problems on the way, which adversely affects the
transmission of information from the sender to the receiver. There are
different types of barriers, which are mainly classified as below:
Figure 1.3: Barriers to communication
A.
Organizational Barriers:
Organizational barriers
are arises due to not clearly defined duties & lines of authority.
Following are the sub-types of organizational barriers:-
1.
Policy: The
policies of every organization are laid down by top management and every one
below the top management has to follow these guidelines. But if these policies
& guidelines do not support the flow of communication, horizontally &
vertically, it acts as a hurdle in the smooth flow of communication.
2.
Rules & regulations: Sometimes organizational rules & regulations are
work as obstacles for transmitting a message. If the rules & regulations
are so rigid & formal. They restrict the free flow of communication and
results in delay in the decision making process & action.
3.
Status & position: In an
organization, there are many officially designated positions in organizational
structure, which creates a number of status levels. In two way communication,
status & position may block the flow of communication, caused by
non-listening attitude of the superior,
no answering and interpreting as well as withholding of information, in
superior-subordinate relationship. So the status & position is also acts as
a powerful barrier.
4.
Complex organization: Complexity in an organizational structure is also
equally serious problem in smooth flow of communication. It is resulted due to
many layers of supervision, long distance, communication gap between the
workers & their superiors. Due to such complications, capacity to
communicate has heavily influenced.
5.
Facilities: Every
top management has to provide minimum facilities to handle message load &
to communicate effectively. Facilities like Media, mechanical instruments,
typing pool, cost & communicators carriers etc. must be provided to
communicators. If these facilities are not provided to communicator, the
purpose of the communication is defeated.
B.
Semantic Barriers:
These barriers are
arises due to language problem. They are present in both; oral and written
communication. Different individuals may have different educational &
literacy background. So, their perception capacity differs from person to
person. So, same message may give variety of meaning to different people
according to their perception level. Following are the different types of
semantic barriers:
1.
Badly expressed message: the basic
significance of an effective communication is clarity & precision. Absence
of clarity and precision in subject matter or communication may result in badly
expressed massage. The causes of badly expressed message are use of unnecessary
prepositions, adjectives and adverbs, lack of simplicity, poor language, longer
sentence and poor sentence construction etc.
2.
Faulty translations: In
communication transmitting and receiving information is a continuous process.
Encoding process translates ideas, facts, opinions & feeling into words,
symbols, action, pictures, and audio-visual media. Every communicator receives
various types of message from superiors, subordinates & from peers.
Receiver must translate information destined for superiors, subordinates and
peers, into simple and suitable language to each. If receivers encoding process
and translation is faulty. It may cause barriers to communication.
3.
Unclarified assumptions: Assumptions
or prepositions are bound are bound to be there in message transmission. In the
words of Koontz & O’Donnell, “Often overlooked but critically important are
the excommunicated assumptions which underlines practically all messages”. If
the receiver fails to interpret certain implied things, correctly, even though
a message is specific, the unclarified assumptions may not clear to the
receiver and it may lead to delay in decision making, loss of goodwill etc.
4.
Jargon language: Jargon is a language which is specially
related with science, technology, law etc. and if the communicator uses such
Jargon in his communication with a simple or unskilled person, he may not able
to understand & interpret the meaning of the message and it becomes
barriers to communication. So as far as possible, all jargon should be vaoided.
C.
Personal Barriers:
Following are the
different types of personal barriers:
1.
Principal of proper channel: ‘Proper
channel’ is the essence of formal communication. It implies that all
communications should flow through the line superior. Superior always wishes to
exercise their authority & they don’t like subordinates bypassing them into
communication, which cause in delay in communication.
2.
Prejudice: The
prejudice among the superior may distort free flow of communication. It is a
serious problem, which creates disliking attitude in the mind of communicator
about the receiver. So it is resulted barriers for proper understanding in the
organization.
3.
Self satisfaction: While sending
the message, sender always send message according to their ideas & belief
and ignore the satisfaction of receiver. So, a barrier arises in communication
at the side of receiver, resist free flow of communication.
4.
Message overload: It is another type of barriers, which may
cause due to omission of message, delay, errors, filtering, approximation etc.
so, message overload is really a hurdle in communication process.
5.
Lack of time: ‘Lack of time’ is the barrier, creates due to
superiors attitude about sending message. They always show that they are busy
& try to avoid giving time to their subordinates. Most of the time they are
not willing to spare their time due to overburden of work.
D.
Psychological Barriers:
Following are the
different types of psychological barriers:
1.
Distrust of communicator: Distrust of
superior for any reason, inhabits communication. It occurs due ill considered
judgments, decision taken without logic, screening and infiltration of
information etc. this behavior of superior resulted that, delay in action or
act unenthusiastically. So the purpose of communication may not be completed.
Even if it is completed, becomes ineffective.
2.
Inattention: Communication
becomes ineffective or total failure, when receiver is not listening or not
giving attention to read any bulletins, notice, minutes and report related to
his work or responsibility. According to Koontz O’Donnell, “Non-listening seems
to be chronic human failing. This is illustrated by common practice of arguing
about an agreed matter.”
3.
Premature evaluation: This is a barrier, which takes the form of
prematurely evaluation communication rather than to keep an uncompromised
position during the interchange. Such evaluation stops the transfer of
information, leaving the message, sender with sense of futility.
4.
Loss by transmission: When a message passes through various levels. It
loses its meaning or is decreasingly accurate. It is reveal that about 30%
information is lost in each transmission in oral communication. Even in written
communication information is lost in transmission due to such accurate
decreasing of message. In addition to this barrier, there is poor retention of
information by listeners or receivers. The study reveals that employees rentain
about 50% of message and superiors about 60% of total.
5.
Emphasis on written message: under reliance on a written message is equally
serious in effective communication. So the management should not insist on
company’s viewpoint & policies through slick, easy to read & well
illustrated publications.
E.
Other Barriers:
Instead of the above
four types of barriers, following are the important barriers, which may arise
in communication process:
1.
Resistance change: It is a
general preference to resist new ideas. When the matter is transmitted to
convey the idea, listeners may not listen with spirit & most of the
information conflicts with present belief is ignored by them or sometime filter
the meaning or interprets the same message to their own convenience.
2.
Perception: Lack of uniformity in perception or
understanding is a great problem in communication. Different receivers may have
different perceptions depending upon their needs, levels of education, cultural
background, temperament & social environment. So the perception of receiver
may be the barriers to communication.
3.
Closed mind: The expression closed mind refers to the
thinking tendency of people that may know everything about the issue &
inhabits the communication. They do not open their mind to new ideas that they
are placed before them.
4.
Fear: This is a important & effective barrier to
communication process, mostly when there is communication between superior
& subordinates. A subordinate always feels fear about their superior. It
may result in sending partial information. They may even think that the matter
is not important to communicate & intentionally omits the information. It
also resulted in misleading to the superior.
5.
Distance & time: Distance
& time are barriers to effective communication. In case of written communication,
time barrier may occur due to delays in message sending. In oral communication,
distance may become a barrier if communicator has to share his ideas &
information to a large group.
6.
Lack of ability to communicate: Communications
skill should be used with an art of perfectness, continuous experience &
practice. All communicators do not have the same skills to communicate.
Especially in oral communication special skills are required as compared to
written communication. If communicator fails to do so, it is called as lack of
ability to communicate.
1.10
Overcoming communication Barriers.
We have identified many
barriers to communication. The basic requirements to find out various measures
to remove or to eliminate or to overcome them are important task in effective
communication. One of the ways to thorough understands the same. Following
measures are to taken to overcome the barriers to communication:
i.
Orientation: the employees working in the organization
should be provided with necessary information relating to policies, procedures,
organizational structure & objectives of the organizations which helps to
avoid conflicts, communication & misunderstanding.
ii.
Proper listening: while
communicating with subordinates, the superior should be kept in mind that, every
recipient has a equal right to listen and has equal responsibility to
understand in the same sense. Without empathetic listening response &
reaction are not possible.
iii.
Proper language: to minimize linguistic barriers to
communication, communicator should be use proper & appropriate language and
tone. Use of technical terms should be avoided and the message should be
direct, simple & in meaningful language. Different receivers perceives
message in different manner. So the manager must use common language to avoid
semantic distortion.
iv.
Use of grapevine: In the communication network, the grapevine
has an equally important place. It is an essential part of organization’s
communication. The message should not be ignore the grapevine as it exists in
spite of number of limitations. In a number of occasions, information should be
transmitted only through grapevine.
v.
Action & deeds: Communication through actions & deeds is the
principle of effective communication. Actions & deeds often speak louder
than words. Whenever information passes to subordinates, they should act
according to orders & instructions.
vi.
To know the receiver: The sender of
the message should have full knowledge about receiver, his capacity, background
& level of intelligence, temperament, attitudes & receptiveness.
Senders also concentrate on needs of the receiver and the message should be
capable to meet needs of the receiver.
vii.
Developing interpersonal relationship: In an organization there must be good relations
between different people. Lack of co-operation among people may result in
non-completing its goal. For accomplishment of goal the manager should remember
the dignity & individuality of the subordinates. He should be always kind
& sympathetic to them.
viii.
Feedback: feedback
is the most important method, which identifies the message. So, received in the
sense it was intended; It enables one to know the emotions, feelings,
expression of the receiver etc. it also helps to know the acceptance or
rejection of the message.
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